Culture Diversity in Continuous Professional Development (CPD) in Health Professions Education
AMEE CPD Committee Webinar
Poh-Sun Goh
Short Bio:
MBBS(Melb) - 1987, FRCR(UK) - 1993, FAMS - 1998, MHPE(Maastrict) - 2012, FAMEE - 2017
Senior Consultant, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National University Hospital (NUH), National University Health System, Singapore Associate Professor, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (YLLSOM), National University of Singapore (NUS) Associate Member, Centre for Medical Education, YLLSOM, NUS Member, AMEE TEL (Technology Enhanced Learning) Committee (since 2011) Member, IAMSE Subcommittee on AI in Health Professions Education of the IAMSE Professional Development Committee, (since September 2023)
He has been trained and has working experience in both the West and East, in both clinical practice and health professions education; as well as ongoing multidisciplinary collaborations across clinical and allied health disciplines including in health professions education (HPE) and faculty development, locally and internationally. His focus in HPE is in technology enhanced learning and faculty development.
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https://www.acehp.org/Resources/DEI-Resources
https://www.aamc.org/what-we-do/equity-diversity-inclusion/learning/webinar-power-of-diversity
Query posed to ChatGPT - Culture Diversity in Continuous Professional Development (CPD) in Health Professions Education
Answer (Tuesday, 14 November 2023 @ 0753am)
Culture diversity plays a crucial role in Continuous Professional Development (CPD) in health professions education. CPD is essential for healthcare professionals to stay updated with the latest advancements, enhance their skills, and provide quality care. Integrating cultural diversity into CPD programs is important for several reasons:
Patient-Centered Care:
Healthcare professionals need to understand and respect the cultural backgrounds of their patients. Cultural competence in CPD ensures that healthcare providers can deliver patient-centered care that is sensitive to the diverse needs and beliefs of their patient population.
Effective Communication:
Cultural diversity influences communication styles, expectations, and preferences. CPD programs should address these cultural nuances to improve communication between healthcare professionals and their patients. This is critical for building trust and ensuring that patients fully understand their health conditions and treatment plans.
Addressing Health Disparities:
Incorporating cultural diversity into CPD helps healthcare professionals recognize and address health disparities among different cultural and ethnic groups. Understanding the social determinants of health specific to diverse populations is essential for delivering equitable care.
Global Perspective:
In an increasingly interconnected world, healthcare professionals may work with colleagues and patients from diverse cultural backgrounds. CPD programs should prepare professionals for global collaboration and enhance their ability to adapt to different cultural contexts.
Cultural Competence Training:
CPD can include specific modules or workshops focused on cultural competence training. This might involve understanding cultural beliefs about health and illness, developing skills to navigate cultural differences, and fostering an inclusive and respectful healthcare environment.
Inclusive Teaching Strategies:
CPD for health professions educators should incorporate inclusive teaching strategies that consider the cultural diversity of both students and patients. This can include diverse case studies, role-playing scenarios, and discussions that reflect a range of cultural perspectives.
Promoting Diversity in the Healthcare Workforce:
CPD programs can contribute to fostering a diverse healthcare workforce by addressing biases, promoting inclusive hiring practices, and providing tools to create a culturally competent and supportive workplace environment.
Legal and Ethical Considerations:
Understanding the legal and ethical aspects of providing care in a culturally diverse context is crucial. CPD should cover topics such as informed consent, privacy, and ethical considerations specific to various cultural groups.
Cultural Sensitivity in Research:
For healthcare professionals involved in research, CPD should emphasize the importance of considering cultural diversity in study design, recruitment strategies, and interpretation of results.
Continuous Learning and Adaptation:
Culture is dynamic and evolves over time. CPD should encourage healthcare professionals to engage in continuous learning about cultural shifts and updates, ensuring their practices remain relevant and responsive to the changing needs of diverse communities.
In summary, integrating cultural diversity into CPD in health professions education is vital for providing high-quality, patient-centered care, addressing health disparities, and preparing healthcare professionals for the complexities of a diverse and interconnected healthcare landscape.
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Chat GPT 3.5 prompt:
Culture Diversity in Continuous Professional Development (CPD) in Health Professions Education. Why cultural diversity is important? Give examples and references.
Chat GPT 3.5 Response (25 December 2023):
Cultural diversity plays a pivotal role in Continuous Professional Development (CPD) within health professions education for several reasons:
Cultural Competence: Healthcare providers need to understand diverse cultural backgrounds to deliver effective care. CPD programs that incorporate cultural diversity training help professionals develop cultural competence, allowing them to navigate and respect patients' beliefs, values, and practices. For instance, a study by Betancourt et al. (2003) in the Journal of General Internal Medicine highlighted how cultural competence training positively impacted healthcare delivery and patient outcomes.
Improved Patient Outcomes: Cultural diversity awareness fosters better patient-provider communication and trust. When healthcare professionals are sensitive to cultural nuances, they can provide more tailored and effective care. For example, research by Beach et al. (2005) in Medical Care demonstrated how culturally competent care resulted in improved health outcomes among diverse patient populations.
Reduced Health Disparities: Understanding cultural diversity can help address healthcare disparities among different ethnic groups. CPD programs focusing on cultural competence can contribute to diminishing disparities by ensuring equitable access and quality care for all. A study by Saha et al. (2008) in the American Journal of Public Health emphasized how culturally competent care reduced healthcare disparities.
Enhanced Team Collaboration: In healthcare settings with diverse staff, CPD that integrates cultural diversity fosters a collaborative environment. Understanding cultural differences among colleagues promotes effective teamwork, communication, and mutual respect, ultimately improving patient care. The work of Guerriero et al. (2015) in the International Journal of Nursing Studies highlighted the significance of cultural diversity in healthcare teams.
Legal and Ethical Considerations: Recognizing cultural diversity is essential in adhering to legal and ethical standards in healthcare. CPD programs that educate professionals on cultural sensitivity help them navigate ethical dilemmas and legal frameworks while providing care to diverse patient populations. The American Medical Association and other professional organizations emphasize the importance of cultural competence in their ethical guidelines.
To effectively incorporate cultural diversity into CPD in health professions education, programs can include modules on cultural awareness, communication skills, case studies highlighting cultural considerations, and interactive sessions with diverse communities. Additionally, continuous evaluation and feedback mechanisms can help tailor CPD programs to specific cultural needs and contexts.
References:
Betancourt, J. R. et al. (2003). Cultural Competence and Health Care Disparities: Key Perspectives and Trends. Journal of General Internal Medicine.
Beach, M. C. et al. (2005). Cultural Competence: A Systematic Review of Health Care Provider Educational Interventions. Medical Care.
Saha, S. et al. (2008). Patient–Provider Communication: The Effect of Race and Ethnicity on Process and Outcomes of Healthcare. American Journal of Public Health.
Guerriero, I. et al. (2015). Cultural Competence in Healthcare Teams: A Scoping Study. International Journal of Nursing Studies.
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"One of the key differences between Google Bard and ChatGPT is their access to the internet. Google Bard has real-time access to the internet, which means that it can access the latest information and keep its responses up-to-date. ChatGPT, on the other hand, does not have real-time access to the internet." - https://www.simform.com/blog/google-bard-vs-chatgpt/
Prompt - Culture Diversity in Continuous Professional Development (CPD) in Health Professions Education
Response (14 November 2023 @ 0755am)
Continuous professional development (CPD) is the process of maintaining and enhancing competence and knowledge in a professional field. CPD is essential for health professionals to ensure that they are providing the best possible care to their patients.
Cultural diversity is important in CPD for a number of reasons. First, it helps health professionals to understand and provide care for patients from all backgrounds. Second, it helps health professionals to develop their own cultural competence. Third, it can help to improve the quality of healthcare overall.
There are a number of ways to promote cultural diversity in CPD. One way is to ensure that CPD activities are culturally inclusive. This means that the activities should be relevant to the needs of all health professionals, regardless of their cultural background. It also means that the activities should be delivered in a way that is sensitive to cultural differences.
Another way to promote cultural diversity in CPD is to encourage health professionals to learn about different cultures. This can be done through formal training courses, informal learning opportunities, or simply by interacting with people from different backgrounds.
Finally, it is important to create a supportive environment for health professionals to learn and grow in a culturally diverse environment. This means creating an environment where health professionals feel comfortable asking questions and sharing their experiences. It also means creating an environment where cultural differences are respected and valued.
Here are some specific examples of how to promote cultural diversity in CPD in health professions education:
Provide CPD activities that are culturally relevant. This means considering the needs of all health professionals, regardless of their cultural background. For example, a CPD activity on diabetes management might want to include information on how to manage diabetes in different cultural groups.
Deliver CPD activities in a way that is sensitive to cultural differences. This means being aware of different cultural norms and values. For example, some cultures may have different communication styles or may be more uncomfortable discussing certain topics.
Encourage health professionals to learn about different cultures. This can be done through formal training courses, informal learning opportunities, or simply by interacting with people from different backgrounds. For example, a health professional could take a course on cultural competence or volunteer in a community that is different from their own.
Create a supportive environment for health professionals to learn and grow in a culturally diverse environment. This means creating an environment where health professionals feel comfortable asking questions and sharing their experiences. It also means creating an environment where cultural differences are respected and valued. For example, a CPD provider could create a forum where health professionals can share their experiences of working with patients from different cultures.
By promoting cultural diversity in CPD, health professions education can help to ensure that health professionals are providing the best possible care to all patients.
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Bard Prompt:
Culture Diversity in Continuous Professional Development (CPD) in Health Professions Education. Why cultural diversity is important? Give examples and references.
Bard Response (25 December 2023):
Cultural Diversity in Continuous Professional Development (CPD) in Health Professions Education: Why it Matters
In today's globalized healthcare landscape, cultural diversity is no longer just an ideal, but a critical necessity for effective Continuous Professional Development (CPD) in health professions education. This essay will explore the importance of cultural diversity in CPD, showcasing its benefits through concrete examples and referencing relevant research.
Why Cultural Diversity Matters in CPD:
Improved Patient Care: A culturally diverse healthcare workforce can better understand and cater to the needs of a diverse patient population. Culturally competent healthcare professionals demonstrate sensitivity to patients' values, beliefs, and traditions, leading to improved communication, trust, and adherence to treatment plans. For example, studies have shown that patients treated by culturally competent providers experience higher satisfaction, better health outcomes, and lower healthcare costs (Betancourt et al., 2003; Flores, 2006).
Enhanced Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving: Exposure to diverse perspectives and experiences fosters critical thinking skills and broadens problem-solving approaches. In CPD settings, incorporating different cultural viewpoints can lead to richer discussions, innovative solutions, and more comprehensive understanding of complex healthcare issues. For instance, a study by Kozak et al. (2009) found that diverse healthcare teams were more likely to identify and address ethical dilemmas in patient care.
Reduced Bias and Discrimination: Cultural diversity in CPD can challenge unconscious biases and discriminatory practices within the healthcare system. By promoting awareness and understanding of different cultures, CPD programs can equip healthcare professionals with the tools to provide equitable and unbiased care to all patients, regardless of their background. A study by Alegría et al. (2003) demonstrated that cultural competency training can significantly reduce implicit bias among healthcare providers.
Attracting and Retaining a Diverse Workforce: A healthcare workforce that reflects the cultural diversity of the communities it serves is more likely to attract and retain talented professionals from diverse backgrounds. By embracing cultural diversity in CPD, healthcare institutions can create inclusive learning environments that value different perspectives and experiences, leading to a more robust and representative workforce. A study by Harper et al. (2008) found that healthcare organizations with diverse workforces had higher employee satisfaction and lower turnover rates.
Examples of Cultural Diversity in CPD:
Incorporating case studies and scenarios that reflect diverse cultural backgrounds and health beliefs.
Inviting guest speakers from various cultural communities to share their perspectives on healthcare issues.
Encouraging healthcare professionals to participate in cultural immersion programs or shadowing experiences in different communities.
Developing CPD modules that address specific cultural competency needs within the local healthcare context.
References:
Alegría, M. T., Flores, N., Tsao, H., & McGuire, J. (2003). Cultural competency training for health professionals: A systematic review of the literature. Public Health Reports, 118(2), 111-23.
Betancourt, J. R., Green, A. R., & Carrillo, J. E. (2003). Screening and brief interventions for intimate partner violence: Permissiveness of intervention strategies by patient ethnicity and language preference. General Internal Medicine, 163(7), 820-6.
Flores, G. (2006). The state of Latino health in the United States. Journal of Public Health Management Practice, 12(Suppl 2), S1-S22.
Harper, S. R., Stone, L. L., & Bailey, C. E. (2008). Workforce diversity and hospital performance: A review of the empirical literature. Medical Care Research and Review, 65(4), 424-454.
Kozak, R., Davis, K., & Houlton, A. (2009). Interprofessional ethics education: Promoting ethical deliberation in diverse healthcare teams. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65(8), 1747-1757.
By integrating cultural diversity into CPD programs, healthcare professionals can gain the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to provide culturally competent care, leading to improved patient outcomes, a more equitable healthcare system, and a more diverse and inclusive healthcare workforce.
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https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-copilot
https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2023/09/21/announcing-microsoft-copilot-your-everyday-ai-companion/
Prompt: Culture Diversity in Continuous Professional Development (CPD) in Health Professions Education. Why cultural diversity is important? Give examples and references.
Response: (1 January 2024)
Cultural diversity is important in CPD in health professions education because it can enhance the quality, safety, and accessibility of health care for diverse populations. Cultural diversity can also foster mutual respect, collaboration, and innovation among health professionals from different backgrounds and perspectives. Some examples and references of cultural diversity in CPD in health professions education are:
A book titled Challenges and Opportunities in Health Professions Education: Perspectives in the Context of Cultural Diversity1, which addresses health professions’ educational challenges specific to non-Western cultures for educating them towards patient-centered care. The book offers fresh insights into medical education challenges in context of cultural diversity from non-Western perspectives and presents new research specifically oriented to medical students and practitioners from Asia.
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-16-7232-3
A CPD solution for culturally safe practice developed by the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP)2, which aims to equip general practitioners with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to deliver safe, accessible and responsive healthcare free of racism. The CPD solution consists of four modules that cover topics such as cultural safety, cultural awareness, cultural competence, and cultural humility.
A set of publications on cultural safety by the Medical Council of New Zealand (MCNZ)3, which provide guidance and resources for doctors and medical educators to incorporate cultural safety in their practice and training. The publications include a statement on cultural safety, a framework for cultural competence, and a handbook for cultural safety and health equity.
https://www.mcnz.org.nz/our-standards/current-standards/cultural-safety/
A study on racial, ethnic, and sex diversity trends in health professions programs in the US4, which examined the changes in diversity of students enrolled in various health professions programs from 2000 to 2019. The study found that while there was some improvement in diversity over time, there were still significant gaps and disparities in representation of certain groups, especially among physicians and dentists. The study also discussed the implications of diversity for health care outcomes and workforce needs.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2813417
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Alternative Response from Microsoft Co-Pilot (1 January 2023)
Cultural diversity is crucial in Continuous Professional Development (CPD) in Health Professions Education for several reasons:
Quality of Care: Cultural diversity ensures that patients from all backgrounds receive high-quality, culturally competent care1. It helps healthcare professionals understand and respect the cultural differences and unique needs of patients, leading to improved patient satisfaction and health outcomes1.
https://www.excel-medical.com/why-is-culturally-diversity-important-in-patient-care/
Diverse Workforce: It contributes to a more diverse and inclusive healthcare workforce1. A diverse workforce can bring a variety of perspectives and approaches to patient care, leading to innovative solutions and improved patient outcomes1.
Education and Training: Cultural diversity in education provides students with more confidence in dealing with things outside of their comfort zones2. It can build strength of character, pride, and confidence2.
https://www.uopeople.edu/blog/what-is-cultural-diversity/
Patient-Centered Care: Health professions education is shifting towards a paradigm of patient-centered care3. Understanding cultural diversity is key to this shift, as it allows healthcare professionals to provide care that respects and responds to the individual patient’s preferences, needs, and values3.
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-16-7232-3
Challenges and Opportunities: Cultural diversity presents both challenges and opportunities in health professions education3. For example, it can lead to new research specifically oriented to medical students and practitioners from diverse cultural backgrounds3.
For more detailed information, you can refer to the book "Challenges and Opportunities in Health Professions Education: Perspectives in the Context of Cultural Diversity"3 and the article "Specialty Grand Challenge: Diversity Matters in Healthcare Professions Education Research"4.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2021.765443/full
Microsoft Co-Pilot Prompt:
What are the key points made in article https://www.excel-medical.com/why-is-culturally-diversity-important-in-patient-care/
Microsoft Co-Pilot Response: (2 January 2024)
The article by excel-medical.com1 explains why cultural diversity is important in patient care. Some of the key points are:
Cultural diversity ensures that patients from all backgrounds receive high-quality, culturally competent care.
Cultural diversity helps to create a more diverse and inclusive healthcare workforce, which can help to improve patient outcomes.
Cultural diversity can help to improve communication and understanding between patients and their healthcare providers.
Cultural diversity can also lead to increased creativity and innovation in healthcare solutions.
The article also provides some examples of how cultural diversity benefits healthcare professionals and patients, such as increased provider comfort levels, better patient satisfaction, and reduced health disparities.
1: Why Cultural Diversity Is Important In Patient Care – excel-medical.com
Microsoft Co-Pilot Prompt:
What are the key points made in article https://www.uopeople.edu/blog/what-is-cultural-diversity/
Microsoft Co-Pilot Response: (2 January 2024)
The article by uopeople.edu1 defines cultural diversity and explains why it is important in various settings, such as education and work. Some of the key points are:
Cultural diversity refers to the recognition, respect, and celebration of the differences among cultures, races, and ethnicities.
Cultural diversity is important because it enriches the learning experience, fosters creativity and innovation, improves communication and understanding, and prepares people for the global community.
Cultural diversity can be expressed and promoted in different ways, such as having a diverse and inclusive workforce, supporting students from different backgrounds, and honoring different traditions and practices.
1: What Is Cultural Diversity And Why Is It Important? - University of the People
Microsoft Co-Pilot Prompt:
What are the key points made in this article - Monrouxe, Lynn & Bloomfield, Jacqueline. (2021). Specialty Grand Challenge: Diversity Matters in Healthcare Professions Education Research. Frontiers in Medicine. 8. 765443. 10.3389/fmed.2021.765443.
Microsoft Co-Pilot Response: (2 January 2024)
The article by Monrouxe and Bloomfield1 discusses the challenges and opportunities of diversity in healthcare professions education research. Some of the key points are:
Diversity matters in healthcare professions education because it affects who healthcare professionals are, what they learn, and how they practice.
Diversity challenges exist across different healthcare professional groups, such as stereotypes, power dynamics, and interprofessional collaboration.
Diversity challenges also exist within healthcare professional groups, such as gender, race, ethnicity, culture, language, religion, sexual orientation, disability, and socioeconomic status.
Diversity challenges can impact the quality of healthcare education, practice, and outcomes, as well as the well-being of healthcare professionals and patients.
Diversity opportunities include embracing multiple perspectives, fostering inclusive and respectful learning environments, and conducting rigorous and relevant research that addresses the needs and experiences of diverse populations.
The article concludes by calling for more dialogue and collaboration among healthcare professions education researchers to advance the field and promote diversity in healthcare.
1: Monrouxe, Lynn & Bloomfield, Jacqueline. (2021). Specialty Grand Challenge: Diversity Matters in Healthcare Professions Education Research. Frontiers in Medicine. 8. 765443. 10.3389/fmed.2021.765443.
Microsoft Co-Pilot Prompt:
How do you promote cultural diversity in health professions continuiing professional development and give references for recommendations
Microsoft Co-Pilot Response: (2 January 2024)
Cultural diversity is the recognition and appreciation of different cultures, beliefs, and values in health care. Promoting cultural diversity in health professions continuing professional development (CPD) can enhance the quality of care, reduce health disparities, and improve health outcomes for diverse populations. Some of the ways to promote cultural diversity in health professions CPD are:
Collecting and analyzing data on the race, ethnicity, and language preferences of patients and health professionals, and identifying and reporting any gaps or disparities in health care access, quality, or outcomes1.
https://publichealth.tulane.edu/blog/cultural-competence-in-health-care/
Providing culturally and linguistically competent care that respects and responds to the unique needs, preferences, and expectations of each patient, and ensuring that health professionals have the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to deliver such care12.
https://publichealth.tulane.edu/blog/cultural-competence-in-health-care/
https://www.aha.org/ahahret-guides/2013-06-18-becoming-culturally-competent-health-care-organization
Developing culturally competent disease management programs that address the specific health conditions and risk factors of different cultural groups, and involve patients and their families in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of these programs1.
https://publichealth.tulane.edu/blog/cultural-competence-in-health-care/
Increasing the diversity and minority representation of health professionals and leaders, and creating a supportive and inclusive work environment that values and celebrates diversity13.
https://publichealth.tulane.edu/blog/cultural-competence-in-health-care/
https://www.provocollege.edu/blog/the-importance-of-diversity-in-healthcare-how-to-promote-it/
Involving the community and its representatives in the design, delivery, and evaluation of health care services and CPD programs, and fostering partnerships and collaborations with community-based organizations, faith groups, and other stakeholders14.
https://publichealth.tulane.edu/blog/cultural-competence-in-health-care/
Some references for recommendations on promoting cultural diversity in health professions CPD are:
Becoming a Culturally Competent Health Care Organization, a guide by the American Hospital Association that provides a framework and best practices for health care organizations to improve their cultural competence.
https://www.aha.org/ahahret-guides/2013-06-18-becoming-culturally-competent-health-care-organization
Embracing Cultural Diversity in Health Care: Developing Cultural Competence, a best practice guideline by the Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario that provides recommendations and strategies for health care providers and organizations to enhance their cultural competence and sensitivity.
The Importance of Diversity in Healthcare & How to Promote It, an article by Provo College that discusses the benefits of diversity in health care and the challenges and opportunities for increasing diversity in the health care workforce.
https://www.provocollege.edu/blog/the-importance-of-diversity-in-healthcare-how-to-promote-it/
Microsoft Co-Pilot Prompt:
Actions to improve cultural diversity in health professions education continuing professional development including references
Microsoft Co-Pilot Response: (2 January 2023)
Cultural diversity in health professions education continuing professional development (CPD) is essential for enhancing the competencies and quality of health professionals in a changing and diverse society. Some possible actions to improve cultural diversity in health professions education CPD are:
Developing and implementing a CPD system that is responsive to the needs and context of the setting, and that incorporates a regulatory perspective, a conceptual lens, and contextual factors. This requires leadership and buy-in from key stakeholders, such as government bodies and healthcare professional organizations, as well as a clear plan that includes a policy, a financing plan, a communication strategy, and an evaluation process1.
https://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12909-023-04427-6
Tracking and promoting diversity among health care providers and learners, and using adversity scores in admissions to account for students’ family income and their educational and environmental circumstances. This can help increase the representation and retention of candidates of color and other underrepresented groups in the health professions2.
https://www.commonwealthfund.org/blog/2023/case-diversity-health-professions-remains-powerful
Providing voluntary diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) training for all health professionals and educators, and offering incentives and recognition for participation. This can help raise awareness and sensitivity to cultural differences and biases, and foster a culture of respect and inclusion3.
https://www.bain.com/insights/10-proven-actions-to-advance-diversity-equity-and-inclusion/
Adopting a skills-first approach to talent acquisition and development, and communicating skills-based career pathways for health professionals. This can help reduce barriers and biases in hiring and promotion, and enable health professionals to advance their careers based on their skills and competencies3.
Investing in innovative training programs that direct more candidates of color and other underrepresented groups to the health professions, and that provide them with mentorship, support, and opportunities. This can help diversify the talent pipeline and prepare health professionals for working in diverse settings and populations2.
Practicing cultural competence in health professions education and practice, and developing it through self-assessment, reflection, and learning. This can help health professionals appreciate and respect cultural differences, suspend judgment, and demonstrate humility, openness, and flexibility4.
https://extension.psu.edu/what-is-cultural-competence-and-how-to-develop-it
1: Continuing professional development (CPD) system development, implementation, evaluation and sustainability for healthcare professionals in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a rapid scoping review 2: The Case for Diversity in the Health Professions Remains Powerful 4: What is Cultural Competence and How to Develop It? 3: 10 Proven Actions to Advance Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
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